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印度人的道德观（第1页）

印度人的道德观

虽然我们对印度文献的涉猎很有限，所得的知识并不完整，但现在我们所能了解的是，印度人的道德观在吠陀经、圣诗、神话、格言、生活规范及诸诗人的作品和圣者传记中，均有极明显的表现，并且显出它的多样性。他们的道德观告诉人们要遵守的信条是：完全否定对自己的爱，而去爱你的邻人；不独是对人，还要爱所有的生物；要尽自己的所有去帮助别人；要以无限的忍耐心对待加害于你的人；不论处在如何残酷的境遇下，都要以善和爱还报于恶；要以自由意志为基础，欣然接受和忍受一切耻辱；以及禁杀生、戒荤食等。

此外，若想迈向真正圣者的境域，还须坚守童贞、抛弃一切肉欲。为便于沉思默想，须抛弃财产、与家属隔离、居住于与世隔绝的环境中，然后根据自由意志，逐渐加予自己痛苦、虐待意志。最后而有绝食、献身鳄鱼、活埋自己、从喜马拉雅山神岩纵身跳下、被载神像的车子碾压（1840年12月3日《泰晤士报》载，东印度某地区在巨型神像出巡时，有11个印度人投身于车轮下，当场被碾毙）等等基于自由意志的死亡。这些宗教习俗的起源，至少可追溯到四千多年前。时至今日，虽然在某些种族已有相当的变质，但仍可看到他们实施某种极端的形式时，依然保有其旧貌。

虽然付出这等惨烈的牺牲，但这种风俗却能在几百万人的民族间行之数千年，可见并非一时兴起糊里糊涂做出来的，其根源必在于人类的本性。另外，当我们阅读基督教与印度教的圣者或赎罪者的传记时，便能发觉两者竟有惊人的一致。尽管他们的教义、风俗或环境都有根本差异，然而两者的努力方向和内在生活却完全相同，两者所接受的规则也很相似。他们之所以宁愿放弃世俗的满足，而从追求完全的清贫中获得一种慰藉，显然他们很了解，意志通常必须不断注入新的营养，并且看破那些东西至终必将破灭。

此外，佛教规则亦劝修行者不应有住家财产之累，甚至为避免使修行者对树产生感情或喜爱，还要他们不可长时间栖息于同一棵树下。吠檀多教派更主张：对达于完成之境域者而言，外在活动与宗教行为是属于多余的。这也和基督教神秘派的见解不谋而合。总之，虽然时代不同、民族互异，却有那么多共同点，这种见解和行为，绝不是如一般乐观主义者所认为的系基于思想的扭曲所产生，而是那甚少形诸表面的人类最优异的本质性格所表现的。

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