七（第1页）
七
明代以八股文取士，被后人扣上了“钳制思想”的罪名。
八股文说到底只是一种文体形式，你既可以用它阐扬孔孟之道，也可以用它论述任何你想论述的思想。八股文甚至可以写得文采斐然，艺术性与思想性兼备。《古文观止》收录了宋代王禹偁的一篇《待漏院记》，这应当是普通读者所熟悉的最接近八股文的一篇。清代李扶九、黄仁黼选编《古文笔法百篇》，称《待漏院记》为“时文八股之祖”，之所以特意将之冠于全书之首，是因为这篇文章虽然是宋朝人写的，却“极似一篇近时绝好会元文字”。
那么，所谓思想钳制，钳制之功或许并不在文体本身，而在于考生必须严守朱子理学，不能越雷池半步。
其实认真想来，如果仅仅这样的话，倒也并不真能钳制思想。如果你有任何异端见解，大可以著之竹帛，藏之名山。帝制时代，帝国的所有权有着明确的归属，“普天之下，莫非王土；率土之滨，莫非王臣”这句话得以在字面意义上严格成立，国家与国民都是皇帝的私产，即便在法理上，皇帝也可以对土地、财产与人命予取予求。皇帝开出条件，任何人如果想加入统治集团，就必须参加以皇帝指定的“正确思想”为标准的科举考试，于情于理这倒也无可厚非；而在强制隐逸人士进入仕途的时候，标准一般都会自动放松。对于皇帝而言，既然自己对天下拥有合法的所有权，筛选官僚的标准当然有权力随意制定，只要自己满意就好。
所以，无论皇帝选择哪种思想作为官方指定的“正确思想”，趋利的人们自然会向着这种思想蜂拥而至。长此以往，不需要任何强制性的手段，其他种种思想自然会被边缘化，乃至于消亡。
不仅“异端”如此，“正统”也会如此。譬如儒家经典当中的《公羊传》《穀梁传》，官方从未对它们发出禁令，但仅仅因为这两部书既难掌握，又不是考试重点，以至于在长久式微之下几近失传。历史上很多书籍、知识与思想，尤其是在今天看来大为可贵的那些学问，其没落往往并不是任何所谓思想钳制的结果，而仅仅是在世人逐利过程中被自然淘汰。
事情的另一面是，古代世界的思想繁荣时期往往并非官方鼓励“百花齐放，百家争鸣”的结果，而是发生在中央政府的控制力明显减弱的时候——要么是内忧外患，战乱频仍，要么是皇帝怠政，官僚集团也有更要紧的事情需要操心。
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