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统一场理论(第1页)

统一场理论

在广义相对论中,爱因斯坦将重力归咎于引力场的作用。物质产生了引力场,引力场反过来又作用于物质体,使物体受力。爱因斯坦将引力作为弯曲空间的一部分。带电粒子的情况也是类似的。它们之间的力是电荷产生的电场造成的,电场又对其他的带电体施加电场力。因此,质量和引力场的关系可以完全类比于电荷和电场的关系。最终,爱因斯坦希望能建立一个“统一场”(Unifiedfield)理论,将自己的引力理论和电磁场现象统一起来。他也认为这个理论对轻量子(光子)现象的描述或许能比玻尔的理论更好,从而可以推导出描述“物理真实”的定律,而不仅仅是对观察结果的总结。高等几何在广义相对论中有极其成功的应用,这启发爱因斯坦在四维空间的基础上发展他的新理论。在这种情况下,除了空间曲率,必然还有其他与引力场效应相关的特征。

1929年在爱因斯坦即将五十岁时,他正在建立统一场理论的消息传遍了各地。对大众来说,如果爱因斯坦能在他五十岁生日的那天发现一个可以解开一切自然谜题的魔法公式,那将会多么富有戏剧性。爱因斯坦收到了来自世界各地的报社和出版商的询问,请求他向他们简单介绍新理论的内容,成千上万的记者来到他家附近随时等待消息。爱因斯坦不无惊愕地对追踪他的记者说:“我真的不需要任何宣传。”但是所有人都期待着爱因斯坦能再次震撼世界。他们知道文章将发表在普鲁士科学院议事录上,想尽办法取得小样,都未能成功。一家美国报社只好安排在文章发表时立刻拍照传真过去。

这篇文章只有几页,但大部分都是公众无法理解的数学公式,对外行的大众来说,这篇论文看起来就像用楔形文字写的一样。要读懂这篇论文,必须具有相当深厚的几何数学功底。实际上,文章揭示了从四维空间几何结构相关的假设出发,推导出统一场普适理论的可能性。这些大统一的理论包含了已知的电磁场理论和引力场理论等特例,然而却没有得到任何可以被实验验证的结果。因此对于公众来说,这个新理论比爱因斯坦之前的理论更难以理解。而对于专业人士来说,这个理论是既富有逻辑性,又具有美感的集大成者。

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