05 萤火(第1页)
05 萤火
萤如其只会残杀隐士式的可怜的蜗牛,没有旁的才能,也许不会被一般人知道。可是,它还会在尾端挂起一盏红灯。萤的发光器的构造,因种类和发育上的时期而各异:有蛹和幼虫相同的,也有蛹和成虫一样的。还有到了成虫时期,除本来应该有的之外,又有和幼虫相同的发光器。照一般说来,成虫的发光器,是由紧贴在透明的皮肤下面的发光层和相对的反射层而成。我们试把萤的发光器削下一片来,放在显微镜下细看,那么便可看到表皮里面铺着一层淡黄色细粉。这就是发光层,由许多大细胞而成。你若再仔细耐心地看,便见四面布满了奇妙的管子。短而粗的干子,突然分成无数密生的细枝:有的在发光面上蔓延,有的钻进里面。这就是气管和气管枝,和呼吸器官相连。它的作用,在于充分吸收和分配空气,使这层淡黄色的细粉起氧化作用。反射层是由含着许多蚁酸盐或尿酸盐的小结晶的细胞组成,发乳白色。它的作用是不让光射到内部器官中去。
现在剩下的一个问题,是:这种淡黄色的细粉,究竟是什么性质的?学化学的人,起初认定是“磷”。竟有将萤活活地烧煅,取出元素来试验的人,可是,谁也不曾得到满意的解答。最近又说是脂肪体,也还不曾得到可以公认的结果。不过发光作用是由发光层的细胞活动需要水和氧的酸化作用,这是确实可靠的。
萤火是只有色光线(可视线)而没有赤外线(熟线)、紫外线(化学线)的辐射线,实在要比人们的灯经济得多。我们现在所用的煤气灯、电灯,都平白地产生了许多热。这不单是浪费,而且容易发生种种意外的危险。如其人们能够制造萤火一般的冷光,那么既不会失火,也不会烫伤,风也吹不熄,雨也淋不灭,多么有趣呢!许多人想发明这种冷光灯,不知费去了多少心血,到现在还是徒劳。
“萤光竟能随意处置这种光的放射吗?”对于这个问题,我倒能够回答得更清楚些:萤能够照着自己的意思做的,通过发光层的粗管,尽量吸入空气,光便增加;通气缓一些,或竟停止,那么光也弱了,消灭了。气管上面布有神经,萤可以照自己的意思收放。
萤火在萤自己究竟有些什么用处呢?为了生殖关系,雌雄互相引诱用的,这是已经由种种试验而明白了。那么和生殖毫无关系的幼虫卵子和蛹,为什么也发光呢?这大概是威吓要吃它的动物,同时表明自己的肉是苦的,不适食用的,有一种警戒作用。幼虫时也许在找寻蜗牛等,又作灯笼用的。
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