第八章 社会科学知识的科学化 复杂系统的适用性（第1页）
第八章社会科学知识的科学化：复杂系统的适用性
社会科学一直面临着两大核心任务：一是寻求制度的合法性，二是重构认识论的逻辑。它们是一体两面的。一方面，社会科学为赢得话语权而谋求制度合法性的努力，从来就伴随在其萌发、形成和发展的整个过程中。然而，自然科学制定的合法化“科学”标准，致使社会科学只能不断提高和改进自己的科学合法性，而从未敢言合法性地位的确立。另一方面，伴随着社会科学每一次提高制度合法性的努力，其认识论逻辑都在不断地调整、修正和重构。实证主义、自然主义、描述主义、批判理论以及诠释学的观点，都为社会科学的发展提供了重要的认识论支撑，甚至成为其认识论逻辑的核心。
为寻求制度合法化，传统社会科学模仿物理学和数学的建模方法，其基本理论前提或假设是主体同质性和平衡态条件。研究对象的“同质假设”可以提供工具上的便利性，从而易于为数学所驾驭和介入。而平衡条件则假设了所有现象都围绕平衡点来变化，只是一种有秩序的转化，没有突变和非线性。对于处理复杂社会和社会行为的社会科学来说，很难适用物理学和数学的传统模型，这无疑是一个严峻的挑战。新兴的复杂性科学改变了传统还原论的、线性的和简单性的思维方式，而强调认识的自组织性、多样性、非线性、整体性、不确定性特征：在本体论上，以关联本体论代替了原子本体论，使具有主体能动性的研究对象重新获得合理性，这就使社会科学的研究对象取得了与自然科学研究对象同等重要的本体论地位；在认识论上，有限价值定位代替了完全的价值中立，使得社会科学具有与自然科学完全不同的研究角度，有利于对人的主体地位和社会问题的理解，对社会科学目前的研究困境来说是必要而及时的；在方法论上，多元、跨学科的整体关联的研究方法代替了一元、机械还原论的简单性研究方法。本章之目的正是在深刻把握自然科学理论最新发展的基础上，把复杂性科学及其思维方式引入社会科学研究当中，通过对社会科学规律的探寻，试图将社会科学研究进行模型化处理，从而回答社会科学解释“如何可能”的问题。基于此，我们提出一种社会科学研究的“复杂性转向”，旨在为社会科学理性重建并开辟一条基于复杂性思维的研究路径。
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