第七章 学校教育(第1页)
第七章学校教育
前面给定了理想教育文化中的学校文化集合,这一章仍然以历史的、思辨的、实证的方式加以讨论。但是,在讨论前有必要澄清一组关系,否则容易混淆。在第一篇的第三章第二节专门讨论了“需要教育关注的要素及其考量”,那么需要关注的实践、问题、方法、工具、技术、表述等“六要素”与学校文化集合“四元素”是怎样的关系呢?其实,“六要素”用意是让教师在组织设计教学过程中不要忘记这六个方面的内容,至少这六个方面基本上呈现了人类形成现实经验关系的过程,即知识的形成过程。这样,人类生命个体就清晰了学习内容的来龙去脉,而不是最佳公民个体依据个人的好恶强加的。不仅历史如此,未来也如此。所以,“六要素”在学校教育过程中,更突显教育内容的地位。当然,具体的教学内容,则需要教师根据国家的规定,结合学校、教师自身及学生实际,做具体安排。因此,“六要素”侧重于教师更多关注学生的认识论。
然而,“四元素”作为一组合概念,除学校实施的各项教育体现“四元素”要求外,在课堂教学更多强**师关注“四元素”教学方法,以此实现对未成年或成年人类生命个体“六要素”的教育。由此可见,学校文化集合突出的是方法论。
以同一个词“实践”为例,看其在不同组合中的作用。“六要素”中的“实践”,突出了实践的过程,在过程中感受内容,即从实实在在的生活、工作、学习中,积累感性认识,从中发现问题、解决问题,总结规律,上升为理论。所以就其本质来讲,同为一词“实践”,“六要素”中的“实践”,侧重于人类生命个体在实践中的认识感受,即突出了“认识论”倾向。而“四元素”中的“实践”,在集合组合概念中,突出了以“实践”获取或丰富“现实经验”的方法。这个“实践”概念具有弗兰西斯·培根——科学实验的含义,强化了“方法论”的倾向。因此,在学校教育范畴,学校文化集合,在方法论上更具有广泛的意义。
需要进一步强调的是,学校组织中的成年人,来源于理想教育文化背景下的社会范畴中的最佳公民,因此,学校范畴内的教育工作者,一定是“最佳公民”按照学校范畴理想教育文化集合{扰启内省质疑实践}对未成年人或成年人实施理想的教育。从此,确保未成年人类生命个体始终在最佳公民环境下生长,直至成长为最佳公民,最终进入社会组织,即社会组织一定由最佳公民组成。
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