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第七章 讲学同志的连属（第1页）

第七章讲学同志的连属

许多学者都注意到晚明学界对朋友之伦有特别强调的倾向，尤其是泰州和东林的学者，更在言论和行动上展现以友为重、患难与共的精神，甚至推重友伦于家庭血缘关系之上，或以批评时政。[1]其实若我们仔细阅读阳明学者们的文集，可以清楚地发现这一波重视朋友的风气早在明代中期的阳明学派中已形成。因此在谈论晚明尚友风尚时，实不可忽略阳明学者们的讲学活动及其关于友伦的言论，不应只专注于泰州和东林学者。

综览阳明学者的文集可发现，他们不仅在观念上强调朋友之于成德的必要性，实际生活也多优游于师友的讲学中。这股重视友伦的风尚实与阳明学派的学术活动——讲会——有密切的关系。这种属于生活实践与思想内涵间的紧密关联清楚反映在阳明学者们对友伦的论述，当他们论及朋友的重要时，也多同时强调参与同志讲会的重要，强调友伦主要目的常是为鼓励人参与讲会。例如，王阳明：“学问之益，莫大于朋友切磋，聚会不厌频数也”；[2]王艮：“道义由师友有之，不然恐所为虽是，将不免行不著，习不察，深坐山中，得无喜静厌动之僻乎？肯出一会商确，千载不偶”；[3]欧阳德：“闻（指聂双江）欲与东廓为青原之会，甚善甚善，道之不明大率朋友离索之故。二公会于青原，四方同志必闻风而来，岂惟自成自道，将其所及者亦广矣”；[4]罗洪先：“青原之约，旦夕在念，非徒叙朋友契阔，实益风化不少，近来与同郡诸君相聚首，始觉会友之乐”；[5]王畿：“此学于朋友如鱼之于水，一日相离便成枯渴，每月定为月会，纵有俗务相访，亦须破冗一会，虚心相受，共成远业”。[6]这类论述相当多，此处仅举数例，其他许多例证则在注文中标明。

从这些言论我们发现，阳明学者们在论及朋友对讲学的重要时，并非只在观念上强调朋友对道德修养的重要，更是直接指涉着当时同志聚讲的活动而言。此不仅说明了阳明学者对讲会的热衷，也表明讲会活动与其提倡友伦之间的密切关系。强调友伦的重要除了反映当时学者求友志切、优游于同志讲学的生活方式，对于提倡讲会活动亦有帮助，更有使地方士子鸠集聚会更正当化、崇高化的效果。相对的，热络活跃的讲会活动也有促进重视朋友之伦的作用。学术思想与社会组织活动间既存有如此紧密而双向的关系，本章主要欲从掌握二者紧密的关联性来探讨阳明学者的讲会活动和交友情形，并分析其关于朋友之伦的论述特色。

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舍勒文集：道德意识中的怨恨与羞感  诗与意识形态：从西周至两汉诗歌功能的演变与中国古代诗学观念的生成  完整的天下经验：宋辽夏金元之间的互动  乌托邦与诗——中国古代士人文化与文学价值观（修订版）  法国大革命中的群众  舍勒文集：资本主义的未来  世事苍茫  舍勒文集：同情感与他者  舍勒文集：哲学人类学  社会世界的意义建构  数字麦克卢汉  舍勒文集：世界观与政治领袖  清代江南的瘟疫与社会：一项医疗社会史的研究（修订版）  舍勒文集：哲学与现象学  清末新知识界的社团与活动  无法扼杀的愉悦:文学与美学漫笔  晚清民国的国学研究  国中的“异乡”：近代四川的文化、社会与地方认同  权势转移:近代中国的思想与社会  女剑仙被灭门哭错坟，我爬出纠正  

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