第九章 女性的身体卫生（第1页）
第九章女性的身体卫生
身体具有社会性的一个重要表现就在于身体是有性别的，“对身体的控制从本质上是对女性身体的控制”。[1]在以男权为主导的社会结构中，女性的身体是权力控制的焦点之一，非常易于受到社会各种标准的规制。因此在对身体问题的研究中，离不开对女性身体的讨论。
在近代中国，社会对女性身体的传统束缚开始瓦解，传统女性的身体也开始遭到批判，被认为是虚弱和病态的，在知识分子运用身体作为国家的比喻时，这种女性身体常常被用于指代民族的弱势地位。这种类比一方面来自中国传统的思维惯性，即通常将弱势一方作阴性类比；另一方面也是在国家现实与女性身体现实的两相关照下得出的结论。在近代民族国家话语中将国家比作“弱女”，“表征了中国知识者对中国于世界体系中被降到‘女性’地位的恐惧和焦虑，突出强化了国族忧患与危机感”。[2]
但国家和民族欲与列强相竞争，不能忽视女性的作用。其中女性作为国民孕育者的重要性得到了突出强调：“女子者，国民之母也。欲新中国必新女子，欲强中国必强女子，欲文明中国必先文明我女子，欲普救中国必先普救我女子，无可疑也。”[3]因此，在新兴的民族国家话语论述下，女性的身体被要求重新建构和规制，以担负起培育健康国民的历史重任。“国家之所以有责任教育和‘解放’妇女，是因为有必要塑造出能够在生物学和文化意义上生育‘优质’公民的高效母亲。”[4]
知识分子对女性的重视还体现在要求将其视为国民的重要组成部分。时人从进化论的角度论证女性对于国家和民族的重要作用，指出“握此进化机关，实在女子，盖女子者，教育之起点，社会之元素，风俗之主人也”[5]。由国民之母体，进而到国民本身，女性的身体状态反映了一半国民的身体状态，还代表了未来国民的身体希望，因此女性身体攸关国家和民族的前途命运，这是近代女性论述的主导潮流。在近代社会为女性身体打造的种种规范中，卫生知识是其中的重要标准，推动了女性身体的解放和再造，奠定了女性新身体的基础。
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