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异用（第1页）

异用

世间万物各不相同，被人使用的方式也各异。这就是治与乱、存与亡、生与死的根本原因。因此，一个国家地大物博、兵强马壮，并不一定就安稳；地位尊贵、高高在上，也不一定就显赫。关键在于如何使用这些资源。像桀和纣，他们拥有强大的才能和资源，但最终导致了国家的灭亡。而汤和武，也拥有才能和资源，却成功地建立了王朝。

有一次，汤看到一个人在张网捕鸟，网四面都张开了。那人祈祷说：“从天上掉下来的，从地里钻出来的，从四面八方飞来的，都落入我的网中吧！”汤听了说：“唉，这样就把鸟都捉完了。如果不是像夏桀那样的人，谁会这么做呢？”于是，汤让人收起了三面的网，只留下一面，并重新教那人祈祷：“以前蜘蛛结网捕食，现在的人学着织网。愿意向左的向左，愿意向右的向右，愿意高飞的高飞，愿意落下的落下。我只捉那些自投罗网的。”汉南的国家听说这件事后，都说：“汤的仁德真是无微不至，连禽兽都受到了他的恩惠。”于是四十个国家都归顺了汤。其实，别人张四面网也不一定能捕到鸟，而汤只张了一面网，却因此得到了四十个国家的归顺。这不只是捉鸟啊！

周文王曾让人挖池塘，结果挖出了死人的骸骨。官吏把这件事报告给文王，文王说：“重新安葬他。”官吏说：“这具骸骨已经没有主人了。”文王说：“拥有天下的，就是天下之主；拥有一国的，就是一国之主。现在我难道不是他的主人吗？”于是命令官吏用衣棺重新安葬了骸骨。天下人听说这件事后，都说：“文王真是贤明啊！他的恩泽连枯骨都惠及了，更何况是活人呢？”有的人得到珍宝却因此危害了国家，文王却从朽骨中悟出了治国的道理。所以圣人对于万物都能发现其用处。

孔子的弟子从远方来，孔子拄着拐杖走过去问候他说：“你的父亲母亲都还好吧？”然后放下拐杖作揖，问：“你的兄弟都还好吧？”再往前走几步，回头问：“你的妻子儿女都还好吧？”孔子仅用一根六尺长的拐杖，就表明了贵贱的等级，辨别了亲疏的关系。更何况是用尊贵的地位和丰厚的俸禄来表明呢？

古代的人重视射箭技术，是为了长幼有序、尊老爱幼。而现在的人重视射箭技术，却是为了攻战侵夺。那些心术不正的人甚至用射箭来欺负弱小、暴虐寡孤，把掠夺当作自己的职业。仁人得到糖，是用来调养疾病、奉养长辈的。而像跖与企足这样的人得到糖，却是用来开门撬锁的。

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