第二 中国花鸟画的分类（第1页）
第二节中国花鸟画的分类
花鸟画根据描绘对象的不同，可以分为花卉、翎毛、蔬果、草虫、畜兽、鳞介等支科。在技法上也是多种多样的：以描写手法的精工或奔放，分为工笔花鸟画和写意花鸟画（又可分为大写意花鸟画和小写意花鸟画）；以使用水墨色彩上的差异，分为水墨花鸟画、泼墨花鸟画、设色花鸟画、白描花鸟画与没骨花鸟画。
工笔花鸟画可分为白描花鸟画、淡彩花鸟画、重彩花鸟画三类。白描又称线描，使用工细的毛笔将所要表现的对象的外形勾画出来，是一种单色画，特点是单纯、简洁；淡彩花鸟画是在白描的基础上，按照表现对象的固有色，淡淡地渲染颜色的花鸟画作品，特点是淡雅、清新；重彩花鸟画是在淡彩花鸟画的基础上，反复渲染，使所画对象的固有色达到饱和状态为止，甚至夸张表现对象本身色彩的花鸟画作品，特点是富贵、壮观、庄重、古朴（图3-1、图3-2、图3-3）。
图3-1白描
图3-2淡彩
图3-3重彩
写意花鸟画可分为大写意和小写意两种。小写意是通过比工笔花鸟画更自由的方法表现对象的形态、特征，特点是真实、生动，是花鸟画中比较普遍的画法，代表画家如清代的任伯年（图3-4）；大写意花鸟画在表现对象的时候带有很强的主观性，造型大胆、夸张，具有很强的抒情性、创造性、趣味性，给人一种潇洒、气派、落落大方的艺术感受，代表画家如徐渭。二者都是在生宣纸上作画，区别在于大写意比较概括，小写意比较具体。
图3-4清任伯年《柳荫洗马图》
在画法上，花鸟画比山水画有更为丰富的表现形式。用笔的长短、粗细、方圆、曲直的不同，用墨的浓淡、干湿、轻重、刚柔、虚实的变化，都会对花鸟画的风格产生影响。泼墨、皴擦、点厾、渲染等绘画手法也在很大程度上提高了花鸟画的表现力。
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